Erouvin 14b — Talmud de Babylone

▶ 📖 Mishna in water; specifically in the water of a ritual bath. The expression “all his flesh” (Leviticus 15:16) teaches that one …

in water; specifically in the water of a ritual bath. The expression “all his flesh” (Leviticus 15:16) teaches that one must immerse in water that his whole body can enter at once. And how much is that? A cubit by a cubit by the height of three cubits. And the Sages calculated that the volume of water necessary for a ritual bath of this size is forty se’a. The Gemara now calculates how many ritual baths should have been contained in Solomon’s Sea. The volume of the sea was five hundred cubic cubits, as it was ten cubits in length, ten cubits in width, and five cubits in height. The minimum volume of a ritual bath is three cubic cubits. Therefore, three hundred cubic cubits is the volume of a hundred ritual baths, and one hundred and fifty cubic cubits is the volume of another fifty ritual baths. Consequently, four hundred and fifty cubic cubits are enough to contain a hundred and fifty ritual baths; but the volume of the sea was five hundred. The Gemara answers that there is an error in the calculation: These calculations with regard to the volume of the sea would apply to a square, but the sea fashioned by Solomon was round, and its volume was therefore smaller. The Gemara continues to ask: Now, how much larger is a square of ten-by-ten cubits than a circle with a diameter of ten cubits? A quarter. Consequently, four hundred cubic cubits of our original calculation must be reduced to three hundred, which is the volume of one hundred ritual baths; and the remaining hundred cubits must be reduced to seventy-five, which is the volume of twenty-five ritual baths. According to this calculation, Solomon’s Sea was the size of only one hundred and twenty-five ritual baths, not one hundred and fifty as stated above. In answer to this question, Rami bar Yeḥezkel taught as follows: In the sea that Solomon fashioned, the three lower cubits were square and the upper two were round. Consequently, the three lower cubits of the sea contained the volume of a hundred ritual baths, and its upper two cubits contained the volume of fifty ritual baths, for a total of one hundred and fifty ritual baths. The Gemara comments: Although you cannot say the opposite, that the bottom of the sea was round, as it is written in the verse that its brim was round; you can, however, say that only one cubit on top was round. The Gemara rejects this possibility: This cannot enter your mind, as it is written with regard to the sea: “And it was a handbreadth thick, and its brim was wrought like the brim of a cup, like the petals of a lily; it contained two thousand bat” (i Kings 7:26). How much is the measure of a bat? Three se’a, as the verse states: “Concerning the ordinance of oil, the bat of oil, you shall offer the tenth part of a bat out of the kor, which is a ḥomer of ten bat, for ten bat are a ḥomer” (Ezekiel 45:14). This proves that the bat is a tenth of a kor, or three se’a, as a kor is thirty se’a. Consequently, the sea, which contained two thousand bat, contained six thousand se’a, the volume of exactly one hundred and fifty ritual baths. The Gemara asks: Isn’t it written elsewhere with regard to Solomon’s Sea: “It received and held three thousand bat” (ii Chronicles 4:5)? The Gemara answers: That is referring to the heaped measure of dry goods that the sea could hold, as dry goods can be heaped above the brim. Abaye said: Learn from it that the surplus of dry goods in a vessel relative to liquids is one-third of the contents of the vessel. We also learned the same thing in the following mishna: A carriage, a box, and a cupboard, a round straw barrel, and a round barrel made of reeds, and the cistern of an Alexandrian ship, which is a large vessel placed on a boat and filled with potable water, although these vessels have bottoms, i.e., they are receptacles, since they have a capacity of forty se’a of liquid, which is the equivalent of two kor of dry goods, they are ritually pure. Even if they come into contact with a source of ritual impurity, they do not become impure. Beyond a certain size, containers are no longer considered vessels and, consequently, cannot become ritually impure. This mishna states clearly that a vessel that holds forty se’a of liquids can hold two kor, or sixty se’a, of dry goods. The side posts the Sages spoke of with regard to rendering an alleyway fit for one to carry within it, their height must be at least ten handbreadths, and their width and thickness may be any amount. Rabbi Yosei says: Their width must be at least three handbreadths.

▶ 💬 Guemara We learned in the mishna: The side posts the Sages spoke of, etc. The Gemara asks: Shall we say the mishna taught an una…

We learned in the mishna: The side posts the Sages spoke of, etc. The Gemara asks: Shall we say the mishna taught an unattributed ruling in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer, who said that in order to permit carrying in an alleyway, we require two side posts? The Gemara responds: No; what is meant by the plural term side posts? Side posts in general, and not those required by a single alleyway. The Gemara asks: If so, let the previous mishna also teach the halakha of a cross beam with the plural term cross beams, and we would say: What is meant by the plural term cross beams? Cross beams in general. The Gemara answers that this is what the mishna is saying: Those side posts that Rabbi Eliezer and the Sages disagreed about, of which Rabbi Eliezer required two and the Sages sufficed with one, their height must be at least ten handbreadths, and their width and thickness may be any amount. The Gemara asks: And how much is any amount? Rabbi Ḥiyya taught: Even as small as the string used to tie a coat. It was taught in a Tosefta: With regard to one who erected a side post for half an alleyway, i.e., he put it up halfway down the alleyway rather than at its entrance, he has the right to carry only in the inner half of the alleyway, but not in the outer half. The Gemara asks: That is obvious; what novel element was introduced here? Rather, say: He may carry in the inner half of the alleyway even though there is no side post at the entrance to the alleyway. The Gemara asks: That too is obvious. The Gemara explains that nonetheless there is a novelty here: Lest you say that we should be concerned that if it is permitted to carry in the inner half one might come to use the entire alleyway, the Tosefta teaches that carrying in the inner half is permitted. Rava said: With regard to one who erected a side post in an alleyway and raised it three handbreadths from the ground, or distanced it three handbreadths from the wall, he has not done anything, as it is not a valid side post. Even according to the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, who said: We say that objects separated by a gap of up to four handbreadths are considered connected, that applies only above, e.g., to a cross beam that does not reach the wall of the alleyway; but below, since it is a partition through which goats can pass, as a goat can pass through an opening three handbreadths high, even he did not say that they are considered connected. We learned in the mishna that Rabbi Yosei says: The width of the side posts must be at least three handbreadths. Rav Yosef said that Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: The halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, not with regard to preparing salt brine [hilmei] on Shabbat, and not with regard to side posts. Rav Huna bar Ḥinana said to him: With regard to brine you told us that the halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, but with regard to side posts you did not tell us this; perhaps you have forgotten that the halakha is in accordance with his view in that case. Rav Yosef asked: What is different about brine, with regard to which the Sages disagree with Rabbi Yosei? In the case of side posts also the Sages disagree with him, and therefore the halakha should not be in accordance with his view in either case. Rav Huna bar Ḥinana said to him: Side posts are different, as Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi holds in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, and therefore the halakha may be decided in accordance with their jointly held position. The Gemara reports that Rav Raḥumei taught this version of the previous discussion: Rav Yehuda, the son of Rav Shmuel bar Sheilat, said in the name of Rav: The halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, not with regard to brine and not with regard to side posts. At some later point, someone said to him: Did you really say this? He said to them: No. Rava said, reinforcing his words with an oath: By God! He did in fact say this, and I learned it from him, but he later retracted this ruling. And what is the reason he retracted it? Due to the well-known principle that Rabbi Yosei’s reasoning [nimmuko] is with him, and the halakha follows his opinion even against the majority view. Rava bar Rav Ḥanan said to Abaye: What is the accepted halakha with regard to the width of a side post? He said to him: Go out and observe what the people are doing; it is common practice to rely on a side post of minimal width. The Gemara notes that there are those who taught that this answer was given with regard to this discussion: One who drinks water to quench his thirst recites the following blessing prior to drinking: By Whose word all things came to be. Rabbi Tarfon disagrees and says he recites the blessing: Who creates the many forms of life and their needs, for all that You have created. Rav Ḥanan said to Abaye: What is the halakha? He said to him: Go out and observe what the people are doing; the customary practice is to say: By Whose word all things came to be.

▶ 🇫🇷 Résumé en français Nous avons appris dans la mishna : Les poteaux latéraux dont les Sages ont parlé, etc. La Guemara demande : Devons-nous …

Nous avons appris dans la mishna : Les poteaux latéraux dont les Sages ont parlé, etc. La Guemara demande : Devons-nous dire que la mishna a enseigné une règle sans attribution conforme à l’avis de Rabbi Eliezer, qui a dit que pour permettre de porter dans une ruelle, nous exigeons deux poteaux latéraux ? La Guemara répond : Non ; que signifie le terme pluriel poteaux latéraux ? Des poteaux latéraux en général, et non ceux requis pour une seule ruelle. La Guemara demande : Si c’est le cas, que la mishna précédente enseigne aussi la halakha d’une poutre avec le terme pluriel poutres, et nous dirions : Que signifie le terme pluriel poutres ? Des poutres en général. La Guemara répond que voici ce que la mishna dit : Ces poteaux latéraux sur lesquels Rabbi Eliezer et les Sages étaient en désaccord, dont Rabbi Eliezer exigeait deux et les Sages se contentaient d’un seul, leur hauteur doit être au moins de dix empans, et leur largeur et leur épaisseur peuvent être de n’importe quelle quantité. La Guemara demande : Et combien est « n’importe quelle quantité » ? Rabbi Ḥiyya a enseigné : Même aussi petit que le cordon utilisé pour attacher un manteau. Il a été enseigné dans une Tosefta : En ce qui concerne celui qui a érigé un poteau latéral pour la moitié d’une ruelle, c’est-à-dire qu’il l’a placé à mi-chemin de la ruelle plutôt qu’à son entrée, il a le droit de porter seulement dans la moitié intérieure de la ruelle, mais pas dans la moitié extérieure. La Guemara demande : C’est évident ; quelle nouveauté a-t-on introduite ici ? Plutôt, dis : Il peut porter dans la moitié intérieure de la ruelle même s’il n’y a pas de poteau latéral à l’entrée de la ruelle. La Guemara demande : Cela aussi est évident. La Guemara explique que néanmoins il y a ici une nouveauté : De peur que tu dises que nous devrions craindre que s’il est permis de porter dans la moitié intérieure on puisse en venir à utiliser toute la ruelle, la Tosefta enseigne que porter dans la moitié intérieure est permis. Rava a dit : En ce qui concerne celui qui a érigé un poteau latéral dans une ruelle et l’a élevé de trois empans au-dessus du sol, ou l’a éloigné de trois empans du mur, il n’a rien fait, car ce n’est pas un poteau latéral valide. Même selon l’avis de Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, qui a dit : Nous disons que les objets séparés par un espace allant jusqu’à quatre empans sont considérés connectés, cela ne s’applique qu’en haut, par exemple à une poutre qui n’atteint pas le mur de la ruelle ; mais en bas, puisque c’est une cloison par laquelle les chèvres peuvent passer, car une chèvre peut passer par une ouverture de trois empans de haut, même il n’a pas dit qu’ils sont considérés comme connectés. Nous avons appris dans la mishna que Rabbi Yosei dit : La largeur des poteaux latéraux doit être au moins de trois empans. Rav Yossef a dit que Rav Yehuda a dit que Shmuel a dit : La halakha n’est pas conforme à l’avis de Rabbi Yosei, ni en ce qui concerne la préparation de la saumure [hilmei] pendant Chabbat, ni en ce qui concerne les poteaux latéraux. Rav Huna bar Ḥinana lui a dit : En ce qui concerne la saumure, tu nous as dit que la halakha n’est pas conforme à l’avis de Rabbi Yosei, mais en ce qui concerne les poteaux latéraux, tu ne nous as pas dit cela ; peut-être as-tu oublié que la halakha est conforme à son avis dans ce cas. Rav Yossef a demandé : Qu’y a-t-il de particulier avec la saumure, en ce qui concerne laquelle les Sages sont en désaccord avec Rabbi Yosei ? Dans le cas des poteaux latéraux aussi, les Sages sont en désaccord avec lui, et donc la halakha ne devrait pas être conforme à son avis dans aucun des deux cas. Rav Huna bar Ḥinana lui a dit : Les poteaux latéraux sont différents, car Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi tient conformément à l’avis de Rabbi Yosei, et donc la halakha peut être décidée conformément à leur position commune. La Guemara rapporte que Rav Raḥumei a enseigné cette version de la discussion précédente : Rav Yehuda, le fils de Rav Shmuel bar Sheilat, a dit au nom de Rav : La halakha n’est pas conforme à l’avis de Rabbi Yosei, ni en ce qui concerne la saumure, ni en ce qui concerne les poteaux latéraux. À un moment ultérieur, quelqu’un lui a dit : As-tu vraiment dit cela ? Il leur a dit : Non. Rava a dit, renforçant ses paroles par un serment : Par Dieu ! Il a en fait dit cela, et je l’ai appris de lui, mais il a ensuite rétracté cette décision. Et quelle est la raison pour laquelle il l’a rétractée ? En raison du principe bien connu que le raisonnement [nimmuko] de Rabbi Yosei est avec lui, et la halakha suit son avis même contre l’avis majoritaire. Rava bar Rav Ḥanan a dit à Abaye : Quelle est la halakha acceptée en ce qui concerne la largeur d’un poteau latéral ? Il lui a dit : Sors et observe ce que les gens font ; il est de pratique courante de se fier à un poteau latéral de largeur minimale. La Guemara note que il y a ceux qui ont enseigné que cette réponse a été donnée en ce qui concerne cette discussion : Celui qui boit de l’eau pour étancher sa soif récite la bénédiction suivante avant de boire : Par la parole de qui toutes choses ont été créées. Rabbi Tarfon est en désaccord et dit qu’il récite la bénédiction : Qui crée les nombreuses formes de vie et leurs besoins, pour tout ce que Tu as créé. Rav Ḥanan a dit à Abaye : Quelle est la halakha ? Il lui a dit : Sors et observe ce que les gens font ; la pratique coutumière est de dire : Par la parole de qui toutes choses ont été créées.

📜 Erouvin — 14b

📋 Références bibliques — Erouvin 14b

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