Ketoubot 10b — Talmud de Babylone

▶ 📖 Mishna Our calendering in Babylonia, which includes passing an abrasive stone over the garments to scrape off dirt, is like the…

Our calendering in Babylonia, which includes passing an abrasive stone over the garments to scrape off dirt, is like their laundering in Eretz Israel, and only in that manner do the garments in Babylonia reach that level of cleanliness. And if you say: Let us perform the process of calendering on cloths brought as proof that she was not a virgin, the stone removes any trace of blood. Therefore, the process would be ineffective. The Gemara relates: A certain man who came before Rabban Gamliel bar Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: My teacher, I engaged in intercourse and did not find blood. The bride said to him: My teacher, I am still a virgin. Rabban Gamliel bar Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to them: Bring me two maidservants, one a virgin and one a non-virgin, to conduct a trial. They brought him the two maidservants, and he seated them on the opening of a barrel of wine. From the non-virgin, he discovered that the scent of the wine in the barrel diffuses from her mouth; from the virgin he discovered that the scent does not diffuse from her mouth. Then, he also seated that bride on the barrel, and the scent of the wine did not diffuse from her mouth. Rabban Gamliel bar Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to the groom: Go take possession of your acquisition, as she is a virgin. The Gemara asks: Since Rabban Gamliel was familiar with this method of examination, let him use it to examine her initially. Why was the trial with the maidservants necessary? The Gemara answers: He learned that it was effective through tradition; however, he had never seen it in action, and he thought perhaps he was not sufficiently expert in that manner of examination, and it is improper conduct to demean Jewish women by subjecting them to that indignity for naught. Once he established the effectiveness of that method, he proceeded to examine the bride to resolve the matter. The Gemara relates: A certain man who came before Rabban Gamliel the Elder said to him: My teacher, I engaged in intercourse and did not find blood. The bride said to him: My teacher, I am from the family of Dorketi, who have neither menstrual blood nor blood from the rupture of the hymen. Rabban Gamliel investigated among her relatives to determine whether the claim with regard to her family was true, and discovered that the truth was in accordance with her statement. He said to him: Go take possession of your acquisition. Happy are you that you were privileged to marry a member of the Dorketi family, as those forms of blood will never pose a problem for you. The Gemara elaborates: What is the meaning of Dorketi? It means truncated generation [dor katua]. Rabbi Ḥanina said: Rabban Gamliel consoled that man with vain words of consolation, because the absence of blood in this woman is a drawback. As Rabbi Ḥiyya taught: Just as leaven is fortuitous for dough, so too, blood is fortuitous for a woman. And it was taught in the name of Rabbi Meir: Any woman whose blood is plentiful, her children are plentiful. This bride, who lacks blood, will not produce many children. It was stated that there is a dispute with regard to Rabban Gamliel’s reply. Rabbi Yirmeya bar Abba said that Rabban Gamliel said to the groom: Exercise your privilege and take possession of your acquisition. And Rabbi Yosei bar Avin said that Rabban Gamliel said to him: It is your misfortune to take possession of your acquisition. Granted, according to the one who says: It is your misfortune, that is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Ḥanina, who said the consolation was vain. However, according to the one who says: Exercise your privilege, what is the privilege to which he is referring? The Gemara answers: The privilege is that thanks to the condition of the women of this family, he will not come to a situation of uncertainty whether she has the halakhic status of a menstruating woman. The Gemara relates: A certain man who came before Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: My teacher, I engaged in intercourse and did not find blood. The bride said to him: My teacher, I was still a virgin. And the Gemara comments that this incident was during years of drought. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi saw that their faces were black due to hunger. He instructed his attendants to tend to them and they took them into the bathhouse and bathed them and they fed them and gave them drink. Then they took them into a room, and the groom engaged in intercourse with her and found blood, as it was due to the famine that there was no blood. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: Go take possession of your acquisition. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi read this verse in their regard: “Their skin is shriveled upon their bones, it is withered, it has become like a stick” (Lamentations 4:8), in the sense that no blood flows from them. With regard to a virgin, her marriage contract is two hundred dinars, and with regard to a widow, her marriage contract is one hundred dinars. With regard to a virgin who is a widow, a divorcée, or a ḥalutza who achieved that status from a state of betrothal, before marriage and before consummation of the marriage, for all of these their marriage contract is two hundred dinars, and they are subject to a claim concerning their virginity, as their presumptive status of virginity is intact.

▶ 💬 Guemara What is the relationship between the term almana and its meaning, widow? Rav Ḥana of Baghdad said: A widow is called an …

What is the relationship between the term almana and its meaning, widow? Rav Ḥana of Baghdad said: A widow is called an almana after the maneh, one hundred dinars, which is the sum of her marriage contract. The Gemara asks: With regard to a widow from betrothal, whose marriage contract is two hundred dinars and not a maneh, what is there to say? The Gemara answers: Since they called this widow from marriage almana, this widow from betrothal they also called almana. The Gemara asks: That explains the use of almana in the terminology of the Sages. However, with regard to the term almana that is written in the Torah, what is there to say? The rabbinic ordinance that the marriage contract of a widow is a maneh was not yet instituted. The Gemara answers: The Torah employs the term almana because the Sages are destined to institute the sum of a maneh for her in her marriage contract. The Gemara asks: And is a verse written for the future? The Gemara answers: Yes, indeed it is, as it is written: “And the name of the third river is Tigris; that is it which goes toward the east of Asshur” (Genesis 2:14). And Rav Yosef taught: Asshur, that is Seleucia. And did that city exist when the Torah was written? Rather, the Torah is referring to that city because it was destined to exist in the future. Here too, the Torah employs the term almana because a widow was destined to have a marriage contract of a maneh instituted for her. Apropos the statement of Rav Ḥana of Baghdad, the Gemara cites additional statements of his. And Rav Ḥana of Baghdad said: Rain irrigates, saturates, and fertilizes the land, and refines the fruit and causes it to proliferate. Rava bar Rabbi Yishmael, and some say it was Rav Yeimar bar Shelamya who said: What is the verse that alludes to this? “Watering its ridges abundantly, settling its furrows, You make it soft with showers, You bless its growth” (Psalms 65:11). “Watering its ridges abundantly” indicates that the rain irrigates and saturates the land, “You make it soft with showers” indicates that it fertilizes the land, and “You bless its growth” indicates that it refines the fruit and causes it to proliferate. Rabbi Elazar said: The term mizbe’aḥ, altar, is a rough acrostic representing its qualities. It moves [meziaḥ] sins and sustains [mezin], because as a result of the offerings sacrificed on the altar, sustenance is provided to all. It endears [meḥabev], and atones [mekhapper]. Mizbe’aḥ evokes the letters mem and zayin from the first two qualities, bet from meḥabev and the kaf from mekhapper. The Gemara asks: This quality, that the altar atones, is the same as that quality, that it moves sins. Why are they listed separately? The Gemara answers: The altar moves evil decrees, and atones for sins. And Rav Ḥana of Baghdad said: Dates warm and satiate, loosen the bowels, strengthen, but do not pamper. Rav said: If one ate dates he should not issue halakhic rulings, as dates are intoxicating. The Gemara raises an objection: With regard to dates, in the morning and evening they have a positive effect on one who eats them; in the afternoon, they have a negative effect on one who eats them. At noon, their positive effect is unparalleled, and they negate three matters: A troubling thought, intestinal illness, and hemorrhoids. Apparently, the effect of dates is primarily a positive one. The Gemara answers that there is no contradiction. Did we say that they are not exemplary? They are exemplary, and at the same time cause temporary distraction and intoxication, just as it is in the case of wine, as the Master said: One who drinks a quarter-log of wine should not issue halakhic rulings. And if you wish, say instead: This apparent contradiction is not difficult. This statement, which prohibits issuing a ruling under the influence of dates, is referring to one eating dates before he eats bread, when eating them can lead to intoxication. That statement, which enumerates the salutary effects of dates, is referring to one eating dates after he eats bread. As Abaye said: My mother told me that dates eaten before eating bread are destructive like an ax to a palm tree; dates eaten after eating bread are beneficial like a bolt to a door, which provides support. Apropos the term door [dasha], the Gemara cites statements referring to its etymology as well as that of several other Aramaic terms. With regard to the word dasha, door, Rava said: It is an acrostic for derekh sham, meaning through there. With regard to the word darga, ladder or stair, Rava said: It is an acrostic for derekh gag, meaning way to the roof. With regard to the word purya, bed, Rav Pappa said: It is an acrostic for parin veravin aleha, meaning one procreates upon it. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said:

▶ 🇫🇷 Résumé en français Quel est le rapport entre le terme almana et son sens, veuve ? Rav Ḥana de Bagdad dit : Une veuve est appelée une almana…

Quel est le rapport entre le terme almana et son sens, veuve ? Rav Ḥana de Bagdad dit : Une veuve est appelée une almana d’après le maneh, cent deniers, qui est le montant de son contrat de mariage. La Guemara demande : En ce qui concerne une veuve issue de fiançailles, dont le contrat de mariage est de deux cents deniers et non d’un maneh, qu’y a-t-il à dire ? La Guemara répond : Puisqu’on a appelé celle-ci, la veuve issue de mariage, almana, celle-là, la veuve issue de fiançailles, on l’a aussi appelée almana. La Guemara demande : Cela explique l’usage d’almana dans la terminologie des Sages. Cependant, en ce qui concerne le terme almana qui est écrit dans la Torah, qu’y a-t-il à dire ? L’ordonnance rabbinique selon laquelle le contrat de mariage d’une veuve est un maneh n’avait pas encore été instituée. La Guemara répond : La Torah emploie le terme almana parce que les Sages sont destinés à instituer le montant d’un maneh pour elle dans son contrat de mariage. La Guemara demande : Et un verset est-il écrit pour l’avenir ? La Guemara répond : Oui, en effet, comme il est écrit : « Et le nom du troisième fleuve est Hiddékel ; c’est celui qui coule à l’orient d’Asshur » (Genèse 2:14). Et Rav Yosef enseigna : Asshur, c’est Séleucie. Et cette ville existait-elle quand la Torah a été écrite ? Plutôt, la Torah fait référence à cette ville parce qu’elle était destinée à exister dans le futur. Ici aussi, la Torah emploie le terme almana parce qu’une veuve était destinée à avoir un contrat de mariage d’un maneh institué pour elle. À propos de la déclaration de Rav Ḥana de Bagdad, la Guemara cite d’autres déclarations de sa part. Et Rav Ḥana de Bagdad dit : La pluie irrigue, sature et fertilise la terre, et affine les fruits et les fait proliférer. Rava bar Rabbi Yishmael, et certains disent que c’était Rav Yeimar bar Shelamya qui dit : Quel est le verset qui fait allusion à cela ? « Tu arroses ses sillons, tu aplanis ses mottes, tu la détrempes par des pluies, tu bénis son germe » (Psaumes 65:11). « Tu arroses ses sillons » indique que la pluie irrigue et sature la terre, « tu la détrempes par des pluies » indique qu’elle fertilise la terre, et « tu bénis son germe » indique qu’elle affine les fruits et les fait proliférer. Rabbi Elazar dit : Le terme mizbe’aḥ, autel, est un acrostiche approximatif représentant ses qualités. Il écarte [meziaḥ] les péchés et sustente [mezin], parce que grâce aux offrandes sacrifiées sur l’autel, la subsistance est fournie à tous. Il rend cher [meḥabev], et expie [mekhapper]. Mizbe’aḥ évoque les lettres mem et zayin des deux premières qualités, bet de meḥabev et le kaf de mekhapper. La Guemara demande : Cette qualité, que l’autel expie, est la même que celle qu’il écarte les péchés. Pourquoi sont-elles énumérées séparément ? La Guemara répond : L’autel écarte les mauvais décrets, et expie les péchés. Et Rav Ḥana de Bagdad dit : Les dattes réchauffent et rassasient, relâchent les intestins, fortifient, mais ne choyent pas. Rav dit : Si quelqu’un a mangé des dattes, il ne doit pas rendre de décisions halakhiques, car les dattes sont enivrantes. La Guemara souleve une objection : En ce qui concerne les dattes, le matin et le soir elles ont un effet positif sur celui qui en mange ; l’après-midi, elles ont un effet négatif sur celui qui en mange. À midi, leur effet positif est sans pareil, et elles annulent trois choses : Une pensée troublante, une maladie intestinale, et les hémorroïdes. Apparemment, l’effet des dattes est principalement positif. La Guemara répond qu’il n’y a pas de contradiction. Avons-nous dit qu’elles ne sont pas exemplaires ? Elles sont exemplaires, et en même temps elles causent une distraction temporaire et l’ivresse, tout comme c’est le cas du vin, comme le Maître l’a dit : Celui qui boit un quart de log de vin ne doit pas rendre de décisions halakhiques. Et si tu veux, dis à la place : Cette contradiction apparente n’est pas difficile. Cette déclaration, qui interdit de rendre une décision sous l’influence des dattes, se réfère à celui qui mange des dattes avant qu’il ne mange du pain, quand les manger peut conduire à l’ivresse. Cette déclaration, qui énumère les effets salutaires des dattes, se réfère à celui qui mange des dattes après qu’il a mangé du pain. Comme Abaye dit : Ma mère m’a dit que les dattes mangées avant de manger du pain sont destructrices comme une hache contre un palmier ; les dattes mangées après avoir mangé du pain sont bénéfiques comme un verrou pour une porte, qui fournit un soutien. À propos du terme porte [dasha], la Guemara cite des déclarations se référant à son étymologie ainsi qu’à celle de plusieurs autres termes araméens. En ce qui concerne le mot dasha, porte, Rava dit : C’est un acrostiche pour derekh sham, signifiant par là. En ce qui concerne le mot darga, échelle ou escalier, Rava dit : C’est un acrostiche pour derekh gag, signifiant chemin vers le toit. En ce qui concerne le mot purya, lit, Rav Pappa dit : C’est un acrostiche pour parin veravin aleha, signifiant on y procrée. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak dit :

📜 Ketoubot — 10b

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