Makkot 3a — Talmud de Babylone

▶ 📖 Mishna The Gemara is puzzled by this: What is the meaning of the statement: The money remains in the possession of the owner? I…

The Gemara is puzzled by this: What is the meaning of the statement: The money remains in the possession of the owner? It means that they did not perform an action. That is identical to the reasoning of Rabba, and it is not an additional explanation. The Gemara emends the formulation of the presentation of the statement. Say: And likewise Rav Naḥman says: Know that it is so, as the money remains in the possession of the owner. Rav Naḥman is not disagreeing with Rabba; he merely formulates the statement differently. § Apropos the statement of Rabbi Akiva in the baraita, Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: A conspiring witness pays according to his share. The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of: Pays according to his share? If we say that it means that this witness pays half of the sum that the set conspired to render another liable to pay with their testimony, and that witness pays the other half, we already learned this in a mishna (5a): When punishing conspiring witnesses, one divides the punishment of money among them, but one does not divide the punishment of lashes among them; each receives the full thirty-nine lashes. Rather, the Gemara explains that the expression: Pays according to his share, means that in a case where only one of the set was rendered a conspiring witness, the halakha is that he pays his half of the sum. The Gemara asks: And does he pay at all in that case? But isn’t it taught in a baraita: A conspiring witness pays money only when both were rendered conspiring witnesses? If only one was rendered a conspiring witness, he does not pay. Rava says: The statement is not referring to a case of conspiring witnesses; rather, Rav’s statement applies to the case of one who says: It was false testimony that I testified. The Gemara asks: Is it in his power to have this statement accepted by the court? That runs counter to the principle: Once a witness stated his testimony he may not then state a revision of that testimony. The Gemara answers: Rather, Rav’s statement applies to the case of one who says: We testified and were rendered conspiring witnesses in such and such a court. Since he was already convicted as a conspiring witness, it is as though he is admitting an obligation to give monetary restitution, and he is therefore liable to pay his share. The Gemara asks: In accordance with whose opinion is this halakha? It is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Akiva, since if it were in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Akiva, doesn’t he say: A conspiring witness also does not pay based on his own admission? The Gemara answers: Rather, Rav’s statement applies to the case of one who says: We testified and were rendered conspiring witnesses in such and such a court and we were rendered liable to pay a specific sum of money. In that scenario, Rabbi Akiva would concede that one pays on the basis of his own admission. Once the court rendered him liable to pay a specific sum, his admission is not that he is liable to pay a fine, in which case he would be exempt. Once the court actually instructed them to pay, the debt has the status of any other monetary restitution, and one does pay monetary restitution based on his own admission. The Gemara explains the novel element in Rav’s statement: It might enter your mind to say that since he is unable to render his fellow witness liable to pay based on his admission, as only the testimony of two witnesses is capable of doing so, he too is not liable to pay based on that admission. To counter this, Rav teaches us that his admission that he owes money renders him liable to pay. In the case of witnesses who said: We testify with regard to a man called so-and-so that he divorced his wife and did not give her payment of her marriage contract, and they were then rendered conspiring witnesses, the question arises with regard to the manner in which the sum of their payment is calculated. It is not possible to render the witnesses liable to pay the entire sum of the marriage contract, as they can claim: But isn’t it so that either today or tomorrow, i.e., at some point in the future, he may divorce his wife or die and ultimately he will be liable to give her payment of her marriage contract? That being the case, the witnesses did not conspire to render him liable to pay a sum that he would otherwise not be liable to pay. The sum of their payment is calculated as follows: The court assesses how much money another person would be willing to give in order to purchase the rights to this woman’s marriage contract, cognizant of the uncertainty that if she was widowed or divorced the purchaser will receive payment of the marriage contract but if she dies, her husband will inherit from her, and the one who purchased her marriage contract will receive nothing.

▶ 💬 Guemara The mishna establishes that the payment of the conspiring witnesses is calculated based on the sum that one would be wil…

The mishna establishes that the payment of the conspiring witnesses is calculated based on the sum that one would be willing to pay for rights to payment of the marriage contract, taking into consideration the uncertainty whether he will ultimately receive that payment. The Gemara asks: How does the court assess that sum? Rav Ḥisda says: One calculates the sum in terms of the husband: How much would one be willing to pay for the husband’s rights to the marriage contract based on the likelihood that his wife will die first and he will inherit from her? Rav Natan bar Oshaya says: One calculates the sum in terms of the wife: How much would one be willing to pay for the wife’s rights to the marriage contract based on the likelihood that the husband will die first or divorce her? Rav Pappa says: One calculates the sum in terms of the wife, as Rav Natan bar Oshaya said, and the assessment is done in terms of the sum of her marriage contract. One does not include in the calculation any usufruct property that the wife brought with her into the marriage, the profits of which belong to the husband, despite the fact that as a result of the testimony of the conspiring witnesses the husband would lose his rights to those profits. One calculates the sum only in terms of her marriage contract. MISHNA: In the case of witnesses who said: We testify with regard to a man called so-and-so that he owes another person one thousand dinars that he borrowed on the condition that he is to give the money back to him from now until thirty days have passed, and the borrower says that he borrowed that sum but it was on the condition that he is to give the money back to him from now until ten years have passed, and they were rendered conspiring witnesses, here too, it is not possible to render the witnesses liable to pay the entire sum. Rather, the court estimates how much money a person would be willing to give so that he would keep a loan of one thousand dinars in his possession, and one calculates the difference between that sum in a situation where he would be required to give the money back from now until thirty days have passed, and that same sum in a situation where he would be required to give the money back from now until ten years have passed. That difference is the sum that the testimony of the conspiring witnesses sought to have the borrower lose; therefore, it is the sum that they must pay. GEMARA: Rav Yehuda says that Shmuel says: In the case of one who lends money to another for a period of ten years, the Sabbatical Year abrogates the debt (see Deuteronomy 15:1–11) and absolves the borrower of the obligation to repay it.

▶ 🇫🇷 Résumé en français La mishna établit que le paiement des témoins conspirateurs est calculé en fonction de la somme qu’une personne serait p…

La mishna établit que le paiement des témoins conspirateurs est calculé en fonction de la somme qu’une personne serait prête à payer pour les droits au paiement du contrat de mariage, en tenant compte de l’incertitude de savoir s’il recevra finalement ce paiement. La Guemara demande : Comment le tribunal évalue-t-il cette somme ? Rav Ḥisda dit : On calcule la somme en termes de le mari : Combien une personne serait-elle prête à payer pour les droits du mari sur le contrat de mariage, en fonction de la probabilité que sa femme meure la première et qu’il hérite d’elle ? Rav Natan bar Oshaya dit : On calcule la somme en termes de la femme : Combien une personne serait-elle prête à payer pour les droits de la femme sur le contrat de mariage, en fonction de la probabilité que le mari meure le premier ou la divorce ? Rav Pappa dit : On calcule la somme en termes de la femme, comme l’a dit Rav Natan bar Oshaya, et l’évaluation se fait en termes de la somme de son contrat de mariage. On n’inclut pas dans le calcul les biens en usufruit que la femme a apportés avec elle dans le mariage, dont les profits appartiennent au mari, malgré le fait qu’en raison du témoignage des témoins conspirateurs, le mari perdrait ses droits sur ces profits. On ne calcule la somme qu’en termes de son contrat de mariage. MISHNA : Dans le cas de témoins qui ont dit : Nous témoignons au sujet d’un homme appelé untel qu’il doit à un autre personne mille dinars qu’il a empruntés à condition qu’il rende l’argent à lui d’ici trente jours écoulés, et l’emprunteur dit qu’il a emprunté cette somme mais c’était à condition qu’il rende l’argent à lui d’ici dix ans écoulés, et ils ont été rendus témoins conspirateurs, ici aussi, il n’est pas possible de rendre les témoins responsables de payer la somme entière. Plutôt, le tribunal estime combien d’argent une personne serait prête à donner pour qu’il garde un prêt de mille dinars en sa possession, et on calcule la différence entre cette somme dans une situation où il serait tenu de rendre l’argent d’ici trente jours écoulés, et cette même somme dans une situation où il serait tenu de rendre l’argent d’ici dix ans écoulés. Cette différence est la somme que le témoignage des témoins conspirateurs cherchait à faire perdre à l’emprunteur ; c’est donc la somme qu’ils doivent payer. GUEMARA : Rav Yehuda dit que Shmuel dit : Dans le cas de celui qui prête de l’argent à un autre pour une période de dix ans, l’année sabbatique abroge la dette (voir Deutéronome 15:1–11) et absout l’emprunteur de l’obligation de la rembourser.

📜 Makkot — 3a

📋 Références bibliques — Makkot 3a

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